Temple of Orissa
- Prof. K. S. Behera
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Q.1) What are the mouldings of the bada called in Orissan temple architecture?
A) Khura, kumbha, pata, kani, and basanta
B) Amalaka, kalasa, pidha, and shikhara
C) Pitha, bada, gandi, and mastaka
D) Jagamohana, deula, and mandapa
Q.2) What is the baranda in the context of temple architecture?
A) The lower base of the temple
B) The middle projection of the gandi
C) The topmost part of the bada composed of seven or ten mouldings
D) The topmost finial of the mastaka
Q.3) How do the deula and jagamohana differ from each other?
A) In the treatment of the bada
B) In the disposition of the gandi
C) In the placement of the mandapa
D) In the orientation of the shrine
Q.4) What is the shape of the gandi of the jagamohana?
A) Pyramidal
B) Curvilinear
C) Circular
D) Octagonal
Q.5) The gandi of the deula has what kind of outline?
A) Pyramidal
B) Curvilinear
C) Straight and vertical
D) Domical
Q.6) What architectural feature adds grandeur to the sikhara and conveys great height?
A) Amalakas
B) Mandapas
C) Kalasas
D) Anga-sikharas
Q.7) What does the term kanika-paga of the gandi represent?
A) A circular platform
B) The topmost pinnacle
C) Several bhumis or levels with bhumi-amlas
D) The base moulding of the bada
Q.8) What is a notable feature of the raha in developed phase temples?
A) A lion motif projecting into the air
B) A floral carving
C) A human figure
D) A chaitya window
Q.9) What distinguishes the earlier series of temples from the later series in terms of sikhara?
A) Earlier ones are smaller in size
B) Earlier ones have gradual curvature; later ones have pronounced curve near the top
C) Later ones are without amalaka
D) Earlier ones face west
Q.10) What elements make up the mastaka of the deula?
A) Khura, kumbha, pata, kani, and basanta
B) Amalaka, pidha, mandapa, and shikhara
C) Raha, pidha, and bada
D) Beki, amla, khapuri, kalasa, and ayudha
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Temple of Orissa
- Prof. K. S. Behera
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Q.1) What was the composition of the fine plaster used in Orissan temples?
A) 3 parts lime and 1 part sand
B) 2 parts lime and 2 parts clay
C) 1 part lime and 3 parts sand
D) 3 parts lime and 2 parts soil
Q.2) What material mixture was used for the red pigment on the Muktesvara temple walls?
A) Lime and charcoal
B) Clay mixed with local red ochre or haematite
C) Red soil and limestone
D) Iron oxide and sand
Q.3) What feature best defines the Orissan temple tradition?
A) Static and unchanging
B) Hybrid Indo-Islamic influence
C) A continuously evolving architectural tradition
D) South Indian derivative style
Q.4) How was the temple-building tradition transmitted across generations?
A) Through royal edicts
B) Passed orally and practically from one generation to another
C) Recorded in architectural treatises only
D) Imported from other regions
Q.5) What aspect of the Orissan temple tradition remained unchanged despite stylistic changes?
A) Uniform ornamentation
B) Consistent stone size and layout
C) Single dynastic patronage
D) Continuity in development and growth
Q.6) How many evolutionary phases marked the development of Orissan temple architecture?
A) Three phases
B) Four phases
C) Five phases
D) Six phases
Q.7) Between which centuries did the Orissan temple style evolve?
A) 5th B.C. to 5th A.D.
B) 8th A.D. to 18th A.D.
C) 6th A.D. to 16th A.D.
D) 10th A.D. to 12th A.D.
Q.8) The five architectural phases correspond to —
A) Five regions of Orissa
B) Five ruling dynasties of Orissa
C) Five temple architects
D) Five religious sects
Q.9) Which term best captures the character of Orissan temple development?
A) Evolutionary
B) Borrowed
C) Abrupt
D) Rigid
Q.10) What is emphasized about the stylistic evolution in Orissan temples?
A) Abrupt transformation
B) Decorative uniformity
C) Foreign influence at each stage
D) Distinct changes with continuous development
Q.11) Who mentioned the use of red paint and plaster in Orissan temples?
A) Percy Brown
B) T. R. Gairola
C) Debala Mitra
D) N. K. Sahu
Q.12) What natural pigment was used to achieve the brick-red finish on Muktesvara Temple?
A) Yellow ochre
B) Laterite dust
C) Red ochre or haematite
D) Lime oxide
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