Temple of Orissa
- Prof. K. S. Behera
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Q.1) What contrast does the Orissan temple architecture emphasize between the sanctum and the jagamohana?
A) Horizontal ascent of the sanctum and vertical emphasis of the jagamohana
B) Vertical ascent of the sanctum and horizontal emphasis of the jagamohana
C) Both have similar vertical elevation
D) Both are circular in shape
Q.2) How are the deula and jagamohana connected in the Orissan style of temple architecture?
A) Separated completely as individual temples
B) Built one over the other
C) Joined only by external walls
D) Linked internally and form a complete whole
Q.3) According to traditional belief, what is the symbolic relationship between the main temple and the jagamohana?
A) The main temple is the king and the jagamohana is the palace
B) The main temple is the soul and the jagamohana is the body
C) The main temple is the bridegroom and the jagamohana is the bride
D) The main temple is the god and the jagamohana is the devotee
Q.4) What two additional structures were added later to meet the growing ritual needs?
A) Gopuram and mandapa
B) Natamandira and bhogamandapa
C) Garbhagriha and vimana
D) Sabha and antarala
Q.5) In Orissan temple complexes, what is the usual spatial alignment of the structures?
A) Arranged in a circular pattern
B) Placed randomly within the compound
C) Arranged in a star-shaped plan
D) Standing in a row on the same axial alignment
Q.6) What visual impression is created by the rising and falling peaks of the temple structures?
A) Impression of a palace complex
B) Impression of a mountain range
C) Impression of waves
D) Impression of pyramids
Q.7) What architectural feature is absent in Orissan temples but common in South Indian temples?
A) Gopuram
B) Rathaka
C) Amalaka
D) Kalasa
Q.8) What is the typical ground plan of an Orissan temple?
A) Circular plan
B) Star-shaped plan
C) Hexagonal plan
D) Square in plan, appearing cruciform externally
Q.9) What are the vertical projections on the exterior walls of Orissan temples called?
A) Amalakas
B) Kalasas
C) Rathakas or pagas
D) Mandapas
Q.10) Which geographical features are Orissan temple shikharas compared to in inscriptions?
A) Rivers like Ganga and Yamuna
B) Cities like Puri and Konark
C) Mountains like Meru, Mahendra, and Kailasa
D) Sacred groves and gardens
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Temple of Orissa
- Prof. K. S. Behera
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Q.1) What was the composition of the fine plaster used in Orissan temples?
A) 3 parts lime and 1 part sand
B) 2 parts lime and 2 parts clay
C) 1 part lime and 3 parts sand
D) 3 parts lime and 2 parts soil
Q.2) What material mixture was used for the red pigment on the Muktesvara temple walls?
A) Lime and charcoal
B) Clay mixed with local red ochre or haematite
C) Red soil and limestone
D) Iron oxide and sand
Q.3) What feature best defines the Orissan temple tradition?
A) Static and unchanging
B) Hybrid Indo-Islamic influence
C) A continuously evolving architectural tradition
D) South Indian derivative style
Q.4) How was the temple-building tradition transmitted across generations?
A) Through royal edicts
B) Passed orally and practically from one generation to another
C) Recorded in architectural treatises only
D) Imported from other regions
Q.5) What aspect of the Orissan temple tradition remained unchanged despite stylistic changes?
A) Uniform ornamentation
B) Consistent stone size and layout
C) Single dynastic patronage
D) Continuity in development and growth
Q.6) How many evolutionary phases marked the development of Orissan temple architecture?
A) Three phases
B) Four phases
C) Five phases
D) Six phases
Q.7) Between which centuries did the Orissan temple style evolve?
A) 5th B.C. to 5th A.D.
B) 8th A.D. to 18th A.D.
C) 6th A.D. to 16th A.D.
D) 10th A.D. to 12th A.D.
Q.8) The five architectural phases correspond to —
A) Five regions of Orissa
B) Five ruling dynasties of Orissa
C) Five temple architects
D) Five religious sects
Q.9) Which term best captures the character of Orissan temple development?
A) Evolutionary
B) Borrowed
C) Abrupt
D) Rigid
Q.10) What is emphasized about the stylistic evolution in Orissan temples?
A) Abrupt transformation
B) Decorative uniformity
C) Foreign influence at each stage
D) Distinct changes with continuous development
Q.11) Who mentioned the use of red paint and plaster in Orissan temples?
A) Percy Brown
B) T. R. Gairola
C) Debala Mitra
D) N. K. Sahu
Q.12) What natural pigment was used to achieve the brick-red finish on Muktesvara Temple?
A) Yellow ochre
B) Laterite dust
C) Red ochre or haematite
D) Lime oxide
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