Temple of Orissa
- Prof. K. S. Behera
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Q.1) What construction principle ensured the stability of Orissan temples?
A) Cement mortar joints
B) Balance and equilibrium through counterpoise
C) Brick filling between slabs
D) Use of arches and domes
Q.2) How were the stone joints made nearly invisible in Orissan temples?
A) Covered with lime plaster
B) Hidden with painted layers
C) Stones were finely dressed and perfectly fitted
D) Joints were filled with molten lead
Q.3) What metal was used to hold stone slabs firmly in place in some temples?
A) Bronze pins
B) Copper nails
C) Lead clamps
D) Iron dowels
Q.4) Which temple is known for the extensive use of iron beams in its structure?
A) Konark Temple
B) Rajarani Temple
C) Mukteswar Temple
D) Lingaraja Temple
Q.5) For what purpose were iron beams primarily used in Orissan temples?
A) To hold door frames
B) As supports under false roofs and architraves
C) For decorative patterns
D) To form pillars and lintels
Q.6) What was the metallurgical quality of the iron used in temple construction?
A) Pure wrought iron
B) Cast iron
C) Iron mixed with lead
D) Alloy of iron and bronze
Q.7) What do the iron beams used in Orissan temples signify?
A) Foreign trade influence
B) Religious symbolism of iron
C) Advanced smelting and forging skills of ancient craftsmen
D) Royal patronage for metal industries
Q.8) What do unfinished carvings on temple walls indicate about the sculptural process?
A) Sculptures were carved before the walls were raised
B) Sculptures were imported from workshops elsewhere
C) Carvings were added long after completion
D) Sculptures were carved in situ after temple construction
Q.9) How were outlines of sculptures drawn before the final carving began?
A) Marked on stone surfaces using sharp instruments
B) Painted with natural dyes
C) Scratched with metal wires
D) Outlined using chalk and charcoal
Q.10) Which temples are cited as examples of lime-washed sculptures?
A) Lingaraja, Rajarani, and Ananta Vasudeva temples
B) Sun Temple and Jagannath Temple
C) Parasuramesvara, Muktesvara, and Konark temples
D) Dhavaleswar and Sisireswar temples
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Temple of Orissa
- Prof. K. S. Behera
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Q.1) What was the composition of the fine plaster used in Orissan temples?
A) 3 parts lime and 1 part sand
B) 2 parts lime and 2 parts clay
C) 1 part lime and 3 parts sand
D) 3 parts lime and 2 parts soil
Q.2) What material mixture was used for the red pigment on the Muktesvara temple walls?
A) Lime and charcoal
B) Clay mixed with local red ochre or haematite
C) Red soil and limestone
D) Iron oxide and sand
Q.3) What feature best defines the Orissan temple tradition?
A) Static and unchanging
B) Hybrid Indo-Islamic influence
C) A continuously evolving architectural tradition
D) South Indian derivative style
Q.4) How was the temple-building tradition transmitted across generations?
A) Through royal edicts
B) Passed orally and practically from one generation to another
C) Recorded in architectural treatises only
D) Imported from other regions
Q.5) What aspect of the Orissan temple tradition remained unchanged despite stylistic changes?
A) Uniform ornamentation
B) Consistent stone size and layout
C) Single dynastic patronage
D) Continuity in development and growth
Q.6) How many evolutionary phases marked the development of Orissan temple architecture?
A) Three phases
B) Four phases
C) Five phases
D) Six phases
Q.7) Between which centuries did the Orissan temple style evolve?
A) 5th B.C. to 5th A.D.
B) 8th A.D. to 18th A.D.
C) 6th A.D. to 16th A.D.
D) 10th A.D. to 12th A.D.
Q.8) The five architectural phases correspond to —
A) Five regions of Orissa
B) Five ruling dynasties of Orissa
C) Five temple architects
D) Five religious sects
Q.9) Which term best captures the character of Orissan temple development?
A) Evolutionary
B) Borrowed
C) Abrupt
D) Rigid
Q.10) What is emphasized about the stylistic evolution in Orissan temples?
A) Abrupt transformation
B) Decorative uniformity
C) Foreign influence at each stage
D) Distinct changes with continuous development
Q.11) Who mentioned the use of red paint and plaster in Orissan temples?
A) Percy Brown
B) T. R. Gairola
C) Debala Mitra
D) N. K. Sahu
Q.12) What natural pigment was used to achieve the brick-red finish on Muktesvara Temple?
A) Yellow ochre
B) Laterite dust
C) Red ochre or haematite
D) Lime oxide
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