Key Elements and Styles of Temple Architecture in Odisha
Pabhaga:
In the architectural design of Odishan temples, the term "Pabhaga" refers to the base or platform that supports the main sanctum (vimana) and the Jagamohana, the assembly hall of the temple. This platform is essential for the stability and aesthetic beauty of the temple structure.
© Photo: Sketch of Pabhaga Portion
The Pabhaga consists of several distinct layers, each with unique carvings and architectural features. These layers, listed from bottom to top, are: Khura, Kumbha, Pata, Kani, and Basanta. These components play a significant role in both the function and ornamentation of the temple.
i. Khura:
The Khura refers to the horizontal slab that crowns the bottom-most part of the Pabhaga of a temple. It acts as a decorative element and often showcases detailed carvings depicting mythological stories, celestial beings, and intricate patterns. The Khura serves as a visual feast for devotees and visitors alike, offering a glimpse into the artistic prowess of the craftsmen.
ii. Kumbha:
The Kumbha is a distinctive pot-shaped structure located between the Khura and Pata of the Pabhaga. This element is symbolic, representing a pot or a sacred urn. The Kumbha is often adorned with ornate carvings and sculpted figures, adding to the overall aesthetic appeal of the temple. It symbolizes prosperity and abundance in Hindu mythology.
iii. Pata:
The Pata is the broad, flat base that forms the foundation of the temple structure. It provides stability and supports the weight of the entire edifice. The Pata is often embellished with elaborate carvings, showcasing geometric patterns, floral motifs, and mythological narratives. This foundational element symbolizes the strong spiritual and cultural roots upon which the temple stands.
iv. Kani:
Kani refers to the vertical bands or pilasters that embellish the temple's outer walls. These decorative elements are adorned with intricate carvings, depicting deities, mythical creatures, and scenes from Hindu epics. The Kani not only adds visual appeal but also serves as a structural support for the temple walls, showcasing the seamless integration of aesthetics and functionality in Odishan temple architecture.
v. Basanta:
Basanta, meaning spring, is a unique feature in some Odishan temples. It refers to the depiction of seasonal motifs, particularly scenes associated with the spring season, on the temple walls. These carvings showcase blooming flowers, dancing figures, and playful scenes, adding a lively and symbolic dimension to the temple's overall design.