Khandagiri and Udayagiri Caves, Bhubaneswar
The twin hills of Khandagiri and Udayagiri, located near Bhubaneswar, Odisha, form one of India’s earliest examples of rock-cut architecture. Carved during the reign of King Kharavela of Kalinga (1st century BCE), these caves served as residential and meditation spaces for Jain ascetics. They are renowned for their inscriptions, sculptures, and artistry reflecting Odisha’s glorious ancient heritage.
The site comprises both natural and man-made caves—an architectural fusion showcasing the faith, power, and culture of ancient Odisha. Each cave holds unique carvings and inscriptions that unveil aspects of monastic life and royal patronage under Kharavela.
Udayagiri Caves
Udayagiri, meaning "Hill of the Rising Sun," contains 18 caves that display intricate carvings and early Jain iconography. Each cave features rock-cut pillars, animal motifs, and narrative sculptures illustrating moral and royal themes.
Hathi Gumpha (Elephant Cave)
The Hathi Gumpha is the most celebrated cave, renowned for the long rock inscription of King Kharavela. The inscription, carved in Brahmi script and Prakrit language, records his military conquests, public works, and patronage of Jainism. The entrance is flanked by sculpted elephants, giving the cave its name.
Rani Gumpha (Queen’s Cave)
Rani Gumpha is the most spacious and architecturally magnificent cave in Udayagiri. It has two storeys with carved pillars, intricate sculptures, and panels illustrating royal processions, dancing scenes, and victory parades. It stands as a remarkable example of early Indian rock-cut art.
Ganesh Gumpha
The Ganesh Gumpha is named after the carved image of Lord Ganesha found at its entrance. Two life-sized elephants guard the façade, and the interior contains delicate carvings of human figures in worship and procession. This cave symbolizes good fortune and divine protection.
Bagha Gumpha (Tiger Cave)
The Bagha Gumpha derives its name from the tiger-head-shaped mouth of its entrance. The cave demonstrates a symbolic link to protection and spiritual energy in Jain architecture. Its ferocious design contrasts with the inner calm of the monk’s chamber within.
Bajaghara Gumpha
Bajaghara Gumpha features a simple rectangular chamber used by Jain monks for meditation. The plain walls and minimal carving emphasize the austerity of ascetic life and the functional nature of these dwellings.
Manchapuri and Swargapuri Caves
These twin-level caves, Manchapuri and Swargapuri, display early experiments in double-storeyed excavation. Their elegant pillars, carved doorframes, and balconies overlook the plains below, creating a serene retreat for contemplation.
Patalpuri Gumpha
The Patalpuri Gumpha lies lower on the hill and is noted for its tranquil inner chamber. The name ‘Patalpuri’ suggests a subterranean or under-earth abode used for silent meditation.
Alakapuri and Chhota Hathi Gumpha
Alakapuri and Chhota Hathi Gumpha (Small Elephant Cave) show reliefs of marching elephants and floral bands. Their decorative façades indicate royal patronage and craftsmanship.
Jambeswar Gumpha
The Jambeswar Gumpha is smaller in size but exhibits precise rock-cutting technique. Its sanctum once held an image of a Jain Tirthankara, symbolizing spiritual liberation.
Rasui Gumpha (Kitchen Cave)
Rasui Gumpha, literally meaning “kitchen cave,” possibly served domestic or storage purposes for the monks. The niche carvings and soot marks suggest culinary activity or lamp usage.
Sarpa Gumpha (Serpent Cave)
The Sarpa Gumpha is distinguished by serpent motifs carved above the entrance. Snakes in Jain and Hindu iconography signify regeneration and immortality.
Laterite Apsidal Structure
On the summit of Udayagiri stands a Laterite Apsidal Structure, possibly the remains of an ancient Chaitya or prayer hall. Its curved rear and brick foundations suggest it once served as a communal worship space.
Khandagiri Caves
Khandagiri, meaning “Broken Hill,” lies adjacent to Udayagiri and contains 15 caves. Though plainer in ornamentation, these caves hold deep historical and religious importance as the dwellings of Jain monks who followed the path of austerity and meditation.
The caves in Khandagiri, though less ornate than those at Udayagiri, were crucial as living quarters and places for meditation, showcasing the humble simplicity of Jain ascetic life.
Jaina Tirthankara Cave
This cave enshrines images of Jain Tirthankaras — the spiritual teachers who attained liberation. Delicate carvings of seated and standing figures reflect the high artistic skills of the early sculptors of Kalinga.
Ananta Gumpha
Ananta Gumpha, or “Endless Cave,” is renowned for its serpent (naga) carvings. The intertwined motifs symbolize eternity and the Jain philosophy of continuous cycles of birth and rebirth.
Tatowa Gumpha (Parrot Cave)
Named after the carved parrots adorning its entrance, the Tatowa Gumpha is among the most distinct of Khandagiri’s caves. Parrots symbolize spiritual knowledge and renunciation in Jain belief.
Panoramic View from the Caves
Both Khandagiri and Udayagiri offer majestic panoramic views of Bhubaneswar city and the surrounding plains. Standing atop the hill, one can witness the seamless blend of ancient heritage and modern urban growth.
Historical and Archaeological Significance
The Khandagiri and Udayagiri complex represents a remarkable fusion of religion, art, and royal patronage. The inscriptions provide vital information about Kharavela’s administration, wars, and his devotion to Jainism. Scholars consider the site a treasure for understanding the political and spiritual life of ancient Kalinga.
The celebrated Hathi Gumpha inscription is displayed near the entrance with its English translation, allowing visitors to comprehend its historic context and linguistic richness.
Khandagiri and Udayagiri remain vital centres of Jain heritage and Odisha’s ancient civilization, drawing archaeologists, pilgrims, and tourists alike. The ASI has preserved these sites for public study and appreciation.
The twin hills stand as eternal symbols of Odisha’s artistic excellence and spiritual depth — living testimonies to the enduring legacy of ancient Kalinga under King Kharavela.